Early Choriocapillaris Loss in a Porcine Model of RPE Cell Debridement Precedes Pathology That Simulates Advanced Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: No large-mammal surgical models exist for geographic atrophy (GA), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and pachychoroidal vascular remodeling. Our goal was to develop a porcine RPE debridement model of advanced macular degeneration to study photoreceptor cell loss and choroidal remodeling. Methods: Seven 2-month-old female domestic pigs were used for this study. After 25G vitrectomy, the area centralis was detached via subretinal bleb. A nitinol wire (Finesse Flex Loop) was used to debride RPE cells across a 3- to 5-mm diameter region. Fluid-air exchange was performed, and 20% SF6 gas injected. Animals underwent fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT-angiography (OCTA) at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Retinal histology was obtained at euthanasia, 2 months (n = 3), 3 months (n = 2), or 6 months (n = 2) after surgery. Results: RPE debridement resulted in GA with rapid loss of choriocapillaris, progressive loss of photoreceptors, and pachychoroidal changes in Sattler's and Haller's layers in all seven eyes undergoing debridement within 2 months. OCT and histological findings included subretinal disciform scar with overlying outer retinal atrophy; outer retinal tubulations and subretinal hyper-reflective material. OCTA revealed type 2 CNV (n = 4) at the edges of the debridement zone by 2 months, but there was no significant exudation noted at any time point. Conclusions: Surgical debridement of the RPE results in GA, CNV, and pachychoroid and reproduced all forms of advanced macular degeneration. This surgical model may be useful in examining the role of RPE and other cell replacement in treating advanced macular disease.

Chorioretinal anastomosis secondary to inadvertent alexandrite laser exposure.

INTRODUCTION: Alexandrite laser is generally used for hair removal and treatment of hyperpigmented skin lesions. It is important to use protective equipment during treatment. In previous cases, complications such as conjunctival hyperemia, anterior uveitis, and choroidal neovascularization were reported. We report a case who developed chorioretinal anastomosis secondary to inadvertent alexandrite laser exposure. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 44 year-old woman presented with decrease of vision in the left eye. She had an history of alexandrite laser treatment for facial hair removal two weeks ago. Fundus examination of the left eye revealed an elevated yellowish lesion in the temporal macula and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy was observed in the inferotemporal perifoveal region. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the left eye revealed the disorganization of inner and outer retinal layers, a rupture in the Bruch membrane, and an absence of RPE. Fluorescein angiography images showed early hyperfluoresence inferior to the fovea. OCT angiography revealed an abnormal vascular network between deep retina layers and choroid. B-scan with flow overlay demonstrated the blood flow in the abnormal vascular network which is suggestive of chorioretinal anastomosis. The patient was followed monthly for choroidal neovascularization development. Six months after laser exposure the best corrected visual acuity was partially improved in the left eye and fundus examination showed pigmentary changes. CONCLUSION: Chorioretinal anastomosis may rarely develop secondary to inadvertent alexandrite laser treatment. It is important to use protective equipment during treatment to prevent ophthalmological complications.

Surgical removal of submacular choroidal neovessels in children: Outcome and literature review.

PURPOSE: To report on the outcome of surgical submacular choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) removal in children and to perform a comprehensive review of literature concerning this intervention in children. METHODS: In this retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series, we included 8 eyes of 7 consecutive children with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization treated by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and CNV removal. Main outcome measures were visual acuity and complications. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 8.6 ± 5.2 years (range: 2-16). Two out of 8 eyes were idiopathic. Corrected-distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved from 1.01 ± 0.45logMAR (range:0.3-1.5) at presentation to 0.60 ± 0.37 (range:0-1) at last follow-up (p = 0.03). Mean follow-up was 3.9 ± 3.9 years. Six eyes received at least one intravitreal injection of bevacizumab prior to surgery. Recurrence occurred in one eye with Best's disease.Literature review revealed a total of 42 cases with the most frequent etiologies being Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) and idiopathic CNV. Considering all cases together, mean CDVA improved from 1.00 ± 0.37logMAR to 0.52 ± 0.42 (p < 0.01). CNV recurrence occurred in 11 eyes (22.0%), 7 of which had an inflammatory etiology. Other complications included pigment epithelium tear, atrophy and retinal tear. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal of CNV is a viable, effective and safe option in children with persistent submacular neovascular membranes.

Effects of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs Before and After Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Patients with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Vitreous Hemorrhage.

Purpose: To compare the clinical effects of postoperative versus perioperative injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs before and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent PPV due to vitreous hemorrhage between October 2013 and June 2019 at Ningbo Eye Hospital. The patients who underwent PPV surgery due to PCV-secondary vitreous hemorrhage were included. The primary outcome was the changes in best-corrected visual acuity. The secondary outcome was the central macular thickness. Results: Compared with the postoperative group (n = 20), the perioperative group (n = 18) showed a smaller number of postoperative anti-VEGF injections (5.1 ± 0.8 vs. 8.0 ± 1.5, P < 0.05) and lower frequencies of early hyphema (5.6% vs. 30.0%, P < 0.05), and recurrent vitreous hemorrhage (11.1% vs. 30.0%, P < 0.05). The logarithm of minimal angle resolution (LogMAR) was smaller in the perioperative group compared with the postoperative group at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after PPV (P < 0.05), but there were no differences thereafter. Compared with the postoperative group, the perioperative group had thinner fovea at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months (P < 0.05), but the differences disappeared after 3 months. Conclusion: In patients with PCV and vitreous hemorrhage, compared with postoperative anti-VEGF, perioperative anti-VEGF could reduce the difficulty of surgery and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, but there were no differences in long-term vision and macular thickness after surgery.

Choroidal neovascularisation following inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for idiopathic macular hole: a case for modified flaps.

A 70-year-old woman presented with sudden decrease of vision 2 months following a successful vitrectomy with inverted internal limiting membrane flap for a full thickness macular hole. Serial review of fundus pictures and optical coherence tomography scans revealed a focal retinal pigment epithelial disruption at the site of the macular hole after surgery and a choroidal neovascular membrane arising from the same. This report describes the possible role of the surgical technique in causation of the membrane and discusses modifications to avoid the same.

Influence of vitrectomy on the progression of dry age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) changes the progression of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by assessing longitudinal changes in drusen volume over follow-up. METHODS: Dry AMD patients who had undergone unilateral PPV for symptomatic vitreomacular disorders were evaluated for the progression of disease by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features including drusen volume, development of geographic atrophy, or choroidal neovascularization during follow-up. Drusen volume was manually calculated using an image processing software (ImageJ, NIH) on raster SD-OCT scans. Mean change in drusen volume of surgery eyes was compared with values of the fellow eyes of the same subjects (control group). RESULTS: Among 183 eyes with both vitreoretinal disorder and dry AMD, 48 eyes of 24 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included. The mean drusen volume change during a mean of 25.49 ± 23.35 months of follow-up (range: 6.00-86.87 months) was 4.236.899 ± 20.488.913 µm3 in the study eye and 7.796.357 ± 34.798.519 µm3 in the fellow eye (p = 0.297). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly increased from 0.40 ± 0.18 logMAR (≈ 20/50 Snellen equivalent) to 0.32 ± 0.31 (≈ 20/41 Snellen equivalent) after surgery (p = 0.012) in the study group while BCVA remained stable in the control group (0.19 ± 0.34 logMAR [≈ 20/30 Snellen equivalent] at baseline and 0.20 ± 0.31 logMAR [≈ 20/31 Snellen equivalent], p = 0.432). Choroidal neovascularization developed in 1 vitrectomized eye (4.54%) and in 1 eye (4.54%) from the control group during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy did not seem to worsen dry AMD progression; even more visual acuity may improve despite a slight increase in drusen volume following surgery.

Indirect choroidal neovascularization secondary to a posterior-segment intraocular foreign body - case report.

BACKGROUND: We reported a rare case of indirect choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to a posterior-segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) that was not located in the area of direct injury but in the fovea. After intravitreal injections (IVIs) of aflibercept, the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesion disappeared and vision improved. CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old male patient suffered from a fast-shot metallic IOFB in his right eye. He underwent primary corneal repair, pars plana vitrectomy, IOFB removal and an IVI of antibiotics in the right eye. Two weeks later, cataract surgery was performed on the right eye for traumatic cataract after an episode of acute phacolytic glaucoma. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the right eye improved to 20/20 5 months after the first surgery. However, the vision of the right eye worsened suddenly with metamorphopsia 1 year after the first surgery. Color fundus images showed a whitish lesion with faint retinal hemorrhage and surrounding sensory elevation. Fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed a lesion with early- and late-phase severe leakage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated a CNV lesion with surrounding subretinal fluid. The patient received an IVI of aflibercept every 8 weeks for 3 times. Finally, the BCVA of the right eye improved to 20/25. CONCLUSIONS: For rare cases of fovea-spared injury by a metallic IOFB, it is still necessary to pay close attention to the foveal microstructure to avoid possible CNV formation. Treatment with IVIs of anti-VEGF, aflibercept, as early as possible could provide good visual outcomes.

Subthreshold Nanosecond Laser Intervention in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The LEAD Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: There is an urgent need for a more effective intervention to slow or prevent progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) from its early stages to vision-threatening late complications. Subthreshold nanosecond laser (SNL) treatment has shown promise in preclinical studies and a pilot study in intermediate AMD (iAMD) as a potential treatment. We aimed to evaluate the safety of SNL treatment in iAMD and its efficacy for slowing progression to late AMD. DESIGN: The Laser Intervention in Early Stages of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (LEAD) study is a 36-month, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred ninety-two participants with bilateral large drusen and without OCT signs of atrophy. METHODS: Participants were assigned randomly to receive Retinal Rejuvenation Therapy (2RT®; Ellex Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia) SNL or sham treatment to the study eye at 6-monthly intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary efficacy outcome was the time to development of late AMD defined by multimodal imaging (MMI). Safety was assessed by adverse events. RESULTS: Overall, progression to late AMD was not slowed significantly with SNL treatment compared with sham treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-1.14; P = 0.122). However, a post hoc analysis showed evidence of effect modification based on the coexistence of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD; adjusted interaction P = 0.002), where progression was slowed for the 222 participants (76.0%) without coexistent RPD at baseline (adjusted HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.59; P = 0.002), whereas an increased progression rate (adjusted HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 0.80-8.18; P = 0.112) was observed for the 70 participants (24.0%) with RPD with SNL treatment. Differences between the groups in serious adverse events were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In participants with iAMD without MMI-detected signs of late AMD, no significant difference in the overall progression rate to late AMD between those receiving SNL and sham treatment were observed. However, SNL treatment may have a role in slowing progression for those without coexistent RPD and may be inappropriate in those with RPD, warranting caution when considering treatment in clinical phenotypes with RPD. Our findings provide compelling evidence for further trials of the 2RT® laser, but they should not be extrapolated to other short-pulse lasers.

New Insights Into the Development and Progression of Geographic Atrophy After Full Thickness Autologous Choroidal Graft.

Purpose: To investigate if the contiguity between native and transplanted retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) represents a protective factor against the progression of atrophy after autologous choroidal graft. In addition, the changes in fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the contiguous and noncontiguous RPE areas were explored. Methods: The first postoperative reliable FAF image was selected and divided into sectors based on the characteristics of the RPE at the edge of the graft. The sectors were categorized into three groups: contiguous RPE, noncontiguous RPE, and not classifiable. The area of RPE atrophy, inside and outside the graft, was measured for each sector at baseline, one, three, and five years of follow-up. The FAF pattern outside the graft was evaluated for every sector at baseline and during the follow-up. Results: Nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Trend analysis showed that the atrophy progression outside the graft was statistically significant in areas where native and transplanted RPE were noncontiguous (P < 0.0001) yet not so in contiguous areas (P < 0.058). Inside the graft, both groups showed an increase in atrophy over time. In addition, the noncontiguous group developed more severe increased FAF patterns compared with the contiguous group. Conclusions: RPE contiguity after autologous choroidal graft seems to be a protective factor against atrophy progression, whereas any area of damaged or absent RPE tends to enlarge over time. This may suggest that the transplantation of an RPE sheet is more likely to be effective than an RPE cell suspension.

Assessment of focal laser photocoagulations' early effect on polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with optical coherence tomography angiography.

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is seen with polypoidal lesions and branching vascular networks (BVNs) (Spaide et al. in Retina 15(2):100-110, 1995; Yannuzzi et al. in Retina 10(1):1-8, 1990). There are reports about laser photocoagulation for PCV (Yuzawa et al. in Japan J Ophthalmol 47(4):379-384, 2003; Lee et al. in Eye 23(1):145-148, 2009); however, all these reports are about final vision and frequent relapses. Therefore, this treatment merits rigorous scrutiny using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

To laser or not?

A 64-year-old male patient presented to the clinic with diminished vision in his right eye for the past 2 years. Examination revealed a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of counting fingers at 1 m with a scarred choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) in the right eye while the left eye had a BCVA of 20/20 with a small peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage along with angioid streaks in both eyes. Multimodal imaging revealed the presence of a CNVM in the left eye which was treated with focal thermal laser. Regression was noted on optical coherence tomography angiography at 1 month post-laser, but at 3-month follow-up, exacerbation of the CNVM was observed. Subsequently, four intravitreal ziv-aflibercept injections were given, and scarring of CNVM was noted on OCT. Thermal laser in the background of angioid streaks has worsened the breaks in the Bruch's membrane leading to worsening of the CNVM.

A CASE OF FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLE IN EYE WITH FOCAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION.

PURPOSE: To report an association between a Stage 4 full-thickness macular hole and focal choroidal excavation. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 46-year-old male patient with high myopia was referred for macular hole surgery and found to have an associated focal choroidal excavation. The patient underwent uneventful combined procedure with closure of macular hole. CONCLUSION: Successful macular hole surgery can be achieved even in the presence of focal choroidal excavation.

Macular Hole Secondary to Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

We report a case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) presented with massive submacular hemorrhage (SMH) and macular hole (MH). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography confirmed the presence of MH along with SMH and also revealed an extrafoveal-notched pigment epithelium detachment (PED) suggestive of PCV. Urgent pneumatic displacement with perfluoropropane (C3F8) was done. Indocyanine green angiography done 3 weeks later showed polyps in the superonasal macula corresponding to PED. Extrafoveal polyps were treated with laser photocoagulation. Inverted flap MH surgery was planned but the patient was lost to follow-up.

Age-related macular degeneration: is polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy recognized and treated?

OBJECTIVE: To assess how polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is recognized and treated, and to assess whether treatment outcomes are different between Chinese and Caucasian Canadian patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. PARTICIPANTS: 154 eyes from 135 Chinese patients and 2291 eyes from 1792 Caucasian patients who were newly diagnosed with either AMD or PCV and had more than 1 year of follow-up were included. METHODS: All newly diagnosed AMD patients presenting to the Retina Service of 3 Toronto University Hospitals, between March 25, 2008, to September 30, 2014, were reviewed. RESULTS: 10/154 eyes (6.5%) in Chinese Canadians and 16/2291 eyes (0.7%) in Caucasian Canadians were diagnosed as having PCV. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) was used to diagnose PCV in 20% of Chinese Canadians and 8.8% of Caucasian Canadians. Clinical practices with a larger percentage of Chinese patients were more likely to diagnose PCV in both Chinese (p = 0.004) and Caucasian patients (p = 0.03), were more likely to use photodynamic therapy (PDT) (p < 0.01), and had significantly greater central retinal thickness decrease (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that PCV is under-recognized in a Canadian population, and ICGA is underutilized. In clinical practices with a greater portion of Chinese patients, PCV is more often recognized and PDT is used more liberally.

Long-term results after limited macular translocation surgery for wet age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results of limited macular translocation (LMT) surgery with radial chorioscleral outfolding in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV). In addition, to identify the factors associated with the final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). METHODS: The medical records of 20 eyes of 20 consecutive patients (65.2±9.8 years) who had undergone LMT for the treatment of wet AMD and were followed for at least 5 years, were reviewed. The surgical outcomes including the BCVA, degree of foveal displacement, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The mean foveal displacement was 1332 ± 393 µm after the LMT. The CNV was removed in 16 eyes and photocoagulated in 4 eyes. The mean preoperative VA was 0.83 ± 0.33 logMAR units which significantly improved to 0.59 ± 0.37 logMAR units at 1 year after the surgery (P = 0.015). This BCVA was maintained at 0.59 ± 0.41 logMAR units on the final examination. The final BCVA was significantly correlated with that at 1 year after the surgery (r = 0.83, P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the final BCVA was significantly correlated with the BCVA at 1 year after the surgery (P<0.001), a recurrence of a CNV (P = 0.001), and the age (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: LMT improves the BCVA significantly at 1 year, and the improved BCVA lasted for at least 5 years. These results indicate that the impaired function of the sensory retina at the fovea can recover on the new RPE after the displacement for at least 5 years. The ability to maintain good retinal function on the new RPE for a long period is important for future treatments of CNVs such as the transplantation of RPE cells and stem cells.

A comparison of autologous transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) monolayer sheet graft with RPE-Bruch's membrane complex graft in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcome after choroidal neovascular (CNV) membrane excision and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation and make further evaluation of two types of RPE grafts on the visual function in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), complicated by massive subretinal haemorrhage. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 80 patients who underwent CNV membrane excision with or without RPE transplantation. Two types of RPE grafts were adopted, RPE-Bruch's membrane complex graft (subgroup 1) and RPE monolayer sheet graft (subgroup 2). Outcome measures included pre- and postoperative visual acuity score (VAS), clinical findings, complications and recurrence rates. RESULTS: The mean VAS [Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)] in the CNV membrane excision group was 11.06 ± 18.28 at baseline and 14.41 ± 16.86 at follow-up (p = 0.12) in a mean follow-up period of 24.35 ± 9.31 months. While in subgroup 1, VAS increased from 22.62 ± 23.72 to 35.50 ± 24.46 (p = 0.02) in a mean period of 20.63 ± 6.25 months. The percentage of visual acuity (VA) improvement (at least two or more lines changed) in subgroup 1 is 62.5%, which is significantly higher than that in CNV excision group (23.5%), p = 0.02. In subgroup 2, VAS increased from 16.61 ± 27.98 to 29.16 ± 23.80 (p = 0.02) in a mean period of 21.72 ± 11.09 months. The percentage of VA improvement in subgroup 2 is 58.0%, which is also significantly higher than that in CNV excision group (23.5%), p = 0.02. Postoperative VA elevation was comparable between the two subgroups (p = 0.05). Complications including retinal detachment, proliferative vitreal retinopathy and CNV recurrence occurred in both techniques. Central fixation stability was observed in eight eyes in subgroup 1 and five eyes in subgroup 2. CONCLUSIONS: The autologous RPE transplantation can increase the vision of patients with haemorrhagic AMD. Two types of autologous RPE grafts were both effective and comparable in restoring visual function and central fixation stability.

Comparison of the 1-year Outcomes of Conbercept Therapy between Two Different Angiographic Subtypes of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by the presence of polyps with or without a branching vascular network and more prevalent among Asians. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of conbercept therapy between two different angiographic subtypes of PCV. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients of PCV were classified into two phenotypes according to indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). In Type 1, both feeder and draining vessels are visible on ICGA and network vessels are numerous. In Type 2, neither feeder nor draining vessels are detectable, and the number of network vessels is small. The patients were treated with intravitreal conbercept (IVC) for 3 months. Additional IVC was given at subsequent monthly visits, if needed. The patients were followed up for 12 months, and changes in mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), subretinal fluid (SRF) thickness, pigmented epithelial detachment (PED), hemorrhage, and number of polypoidal lesions were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean BCVA in Type 2 PCV (15.92 ± 9.76 letters) achieved a significantly greater improvement than that in the Type 1 (14.10 ± 9.07 letters) at month 12 (t = 2.37, P< 0.01). Moreover, the mean CRT decrease was numerically greater in Type 2 (120.44 ± 73.81 µm) compared with Type 1 (106.48 ± 72.33 µm) at month 6 (t = 4.31, P< 0.01), and greater in Type 2 (130.21 ± 76.28 µm) compared with Type 1 (111.67 ± 79.57 µm) at month 9 (t = 1.87, P< 0.01). There was no significant difference between the two types for the decrease in SRF thickness, PED height, and regression of polyps from month 3 to 12 (t = 2.97, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Classification systems for PCV will show differences in presentation, natural history, or response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment and might, therefore, provide a new key to the choice of treatment for the disease.

Hallazgos con la SD-OCT en vasculopatía coroidea polipoidea / SD-OCT findings in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

OBJETIVO: Examinar a los pacientes con vasculopatía coroidea polipoidea (VCP), usando la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral (SD-OCT) para caracterizar y localizar las lesiones en la VCP. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió una serie de 15 ojos de 10 pacientes diagnosticados de VCP. Todos los ojos fueron explorados con SD-OCT. RESULTADOS: Con cortes transversales de la SD-OCT se encontraron desprendimientos del epitelio pigmentario (DEP) típicos y atípicos. Los pólipos y la neovascularización se localizaron encima de la membrana de Bruch. Los 15 ojos (100%) mostraron líquido subretiniano (LSR) en asociación con los DEP. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de la SD-OCT localizan las lesiones vasculares de la VCP en el espacio sub-EPR e indican fuertemente que la VCP es una variante de neovascularización tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: To examine patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to characterise and locate the PCV lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 15 eyes of 10 patients diagnosed with PCV were examined. All eyes were imaged with macular SD-OCT. RESULTS: SD-OCT cross-sectional scan findings included atypical and typical pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs). Polyps and neovascularisation were located above Bruch membrane. All 15 eyes (100%) showed sub-retinal fluid (SRF) in association with PEDs. CONCLUSION: These SD-OCT findings located the vascular lesions of PCV in the sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) space, and strongly suggest that PCV is a variant of type 1 neovascularization